ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Definition Of Active and Passive Voice

Active sentence (active voice) is the subject of his sentence which does the job, on the contrary, 

the passive voice (passive voice) is a sentence in which the subject of his work by the object subject 

of the sentence. Active voice is more frequently used in daily life compared to the passive voice. 

However, we often find the passive voice in newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. 

Passive voice is used as the object of active voice is information that is more important than its subject.

Pattern of Active and Passive Voice

1.      Active Voice

Subject + V (verbs that are tailored to its tenses) + Object

Example Active voice: I eat a pear.

2.      Passive Voice

Subject + be + past participle + (by agent)

Example Passive voice: A pear is eat by me.

The pattern of active and passive voice at every tense

1.      Present simple :

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + verb-1 + direct object	S (direct object) + is/am/are + past participle +/- by … (agent)
S + modal + bare infinitive + direct object	S (direct object) + modal + be + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice : My parents treat me like a baby.

Passive Voice : I am treated like a baby by my parents .

2.      Simple Past Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + verb-2 + direct object	S (direct object) + was/were + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice   : Someone left the letter when he was away from his desk.

Passive Voice : The letter was left when he was away from his desk.

3.      Present continuous tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + am/is/are + present participle + direct object	S (direct object) + is/am/are + being + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice   : You are usually watching TV when I come.

Passive Voice : TV is usually being watched when I come.

4.      past continuous tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + was/were + present participle + direct object	S (direct object) +was/were + being + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice   : They were discussing exchange rates at 7 o’clock this morning.

Passive Voice : Exchange rates were being discussed at 7 o’clock this morning.

5.      Present Perfect Tenses

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + have/has + present participle + direct object	S (direct object) + have/has + been + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice   : He has prepared great slides for the presentation.

Passive Voice : Great slides has been prepared for the presentation.

6.      Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
S + had + past participle + direct object	S (direct object) + had + been + past participle +/- by … (agent)

Example :

Active Voice   : He had helped you so many times.

Passive Voice  : You had been helped so many times.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Transtivie verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.

Here are some more examples of transitive verbs:

I baked some cookies.

I rode the bicycle.

I moved the chair.

I stitched a quilt.

All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb.

But what about the sentence “The bird sang.” Is the verb in that sentence a transitive verb? No, in this case the verb sang is an intransitive verb.

Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice there are no words after the verb sang.

More examples of intransitive verbs:

I laughed.

I cried.

The book fell.

The horse galloped.

The sun set.

In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action.

What about this sentence?

I walked to the park today.

Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about the rules. Since walked has words coming after it, the verb must be transitive, right? WRONG! The phrase to the park is a prepositional phrase and today is an adverb. There is no object receiving the action of the verb walked so the verb is intransitive.

To recap, a transitive verb must be an action verb plus there must be an object to receive that action.

SOAL TOEFL ACTIVE PASSIVE VERBS

1.       The proposal ______ discussed when I called the office this morning.
    A. was being
    B. been
    C. being
    D. have been

Jawaban : A
Keyword : when I called
Pembahasan : Tense pada anak kalimat berupa past, jadi tense pada induk kalimatnya juga harus berupa past yaitu was being.

2.       Many books _____, but one of the best is “How to Win Friends and Influence People” by Dale Carniegie.
    A. Have written about success
    B. Written about success
    C. Have been written about success
    D. About successful

Jawaban : C
Keyword : Many books
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini memerlukan predikat dan bentuknya pasif.

3.       I like all abstract paintings ______ by famous painters especially Affandi.
    A. drawing
    B. drawn
    C. which are drawing
    D. which draw

Jawaban : B
Key word : by
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini merupakan bentukan dari I like all abstract paintings which are drawn by famous painters especially Affandi. Which are kemudian dihilangkan menjadi drawn saja.

4.       Network employees of associated companies are not allowed to participate in TV quiz games.
Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word.
    A. subsidiary
    B. connected
    C. social
    D. member

Jawaban : B
Key word : associated; substituted
Pembahasan : Kata associated berarti “berhubungan”. Jadi kata penggantinya (substitute) juga harus yang bermakna sama. Pada pilihan jawaban masing-masing kata dan maknanya adalah subsidiary (tambahan), connected (berhubungan), social (social), member (anggota). Kata yang bermakna sama dengan associated adalah connected.

5.       The Federal Reserve System, _____ under President Wilson, plays a key role in regulating the U.S. economy.
    A. The establishment in 1913
    B. Was established in 1913
    C. Established in 1913
    D. In 1913 they established it

Jawaban : C
Key word : under President Wilson
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan The Federal Reserve System bermakna pasif dan berfungsi sebagai appositive maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah established in 1913 (yang dibangun tahun 1913).

Conditional Sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Example :

·         If I had a lot of money, I would buy an expensive car.

·         If were you, I would work in that foreign company.

·         If I had got high score in the national examination, I would have studeid in a state university.

·         If I study English, I will get good score in TOEFL.

There are two parts in the sentence structure supposition. That is the main clause and clauses (in the form of the if clause).

Example:

If I work hard, 1 will have a lot of money.

If clause                 main clause

Example:

·         If I had got high score in the national examination, 1 would have entered state university.

·         1 would have entered state university If I had got high score in the national examination.

               When the position is in front of the main clause, it is not necessary to be a separator comma (,) 

between main clause and clausess sentence.

When the position of the clause (if clause) is in the front, then used a separator in the form of a comma (,).

KINDS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Ø  Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future. Such sentences explaining to declare a pattern of cause and effect.

Pattern Of the Type 1

If + subject + VI (Simple Present Tense)+Subject + will + VI (Simple Present tense)

Or

If + subect + (be) present + adjective/noun+Subject + will be + adjective/noun

Example for type 1:

If I study hard, I will pass the final examination

Ø  Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Fact: the facts revealed by the conditional sentences type 2 is that nowadays what is supposed it did not 

happen.

Pattern Of the Type 2

If + subject + V2/simple past tense + Subject + would + Vl/past future tense

or

If + subject + were + adjective/noun + Subject + would be + adjective/noun

Example for type 2.

Condotional Sentence:

If I had long holiday, I would visit your home

Fakta/Fact :

I have not long holiday.

Ø  Type 3 conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional. The facts revealed in the sentence of this supposition is that what is supposed never happened in the past.

Pattern for type 3

If + subject + had + V3/past perfects + subject + would have + V3/past perfect

or

if + subject + had been + adjective/noun + subject + would have been + adjective/noun

Example for type 3

Conditional sentence:

If I had studied English well, I would have got good score in TOEIC.

Fact:

I did not study. Therefore, I had bad score in TOEIC

               Conditional sentence can reveal events or assumptions that occur at different times. 

For example, if clause (clause) reveals the events of the past [past), while the main clause reveals the events 

that now [present).

Example :

Conditional sentence:

If I had prepared some foods several hours ago, I would not be hungry right now

Fact:

I did not prepare some foods several hours ago so 1 am hungry right now.

If there were usage, had (past perfect), and should sometimes if there are disappearances.

Example :

Were I you, I would attend the state university entrance test.

Were I you = if I were you

Contoh Soal Toefl Conditional Sentences

1.      If we don’t hurry, the meeting ______ by the time we get there.

    A. would have started

    B. will have started

    C. will be started

    D. will start 

      Answer : D

Keyword : don’t hurry

Discussion: This sentence is the modality type 1. The pattern is If + S + V1, S + will + V1.

2.      If I had a lot of time, I would study German.

    From this sentence we know that _____.

    A. I have a lot of time, so I study German

    B. I studied German because I had a lot of time

    C. I want to study German because I have a lot of time

    D. I would like to study German, but I don’t have much time 

      Answer : D

Keyword : If I had a lot of time, I would study German

Discussion : This sentence is the modality type 2, in which the subject does not have the 

possibility to achieve the objectives underlying assumption. So we can conclude that I would like to study 

German, but I don’t have much time.

3.      ______ her shyness, she would have become a great teacher.

    A. She had overcome

    B. If had she overcome

    C. If she overcame

    D. If she would overcome

       Answer: B

Keyword : would have become

Discussion: This sentence is the modality type 3. The pattern is If S + had + V3, S + would + have +

 V3.

4.      I will visit your hometown…………..

a.      If I come to Indonesia.

b.      If I came to Indonesia

c.       If I will come to Indonesia

d.      If I would come to Indonesia

5.       If I had had free time    …………..

a.       I will watch the movie together with my friend.

b.      I would watch the movie together with my friend.

c.       I would have watched the movie together with my friends.

d.      I would have been watching the movie together with my friends.